The treasures beneath Greenland’s icy terrain have been coveted for more than a century. But as Donald Trump becomes the latest to eye this wealth, accessing them still remains a challenge.
The allure of Earth’s biggest island is undeniable. Over the past millennia, Greenland has captivated visitors, bringing everyone from Erik the Red, who founded the first European settlement over a thousand years ago, to the Allied Forces of World War Two to its isolated shores.
And interest in Greenland is (again) heating up as the island has attracted the attention of US President Donald Trump. The growing row over his threats to annex the vast territory, which is a semi-autonomous region of Denmark, has rallied many of the US’s allies in Europe against him. The Danish Prime Minister has even warned that any attempt to take Greenland by force – which Trump has refused to rule out – would spell the end of the Nato alliance. Tensions are running high and the stakes are even higher.
But what is it about this frozen, barren land on the edge of the Arctic that makes it so desirable?
Detailed mapping collaborations and explorations carried out over more than a century have uncovered evidence of important mineral resources in Greenland – including rare earth elements and critical minerals used for green energy technologies, as well as suspected fossil fuel reserves.
But – despite the unbridled excitement brewing around Greenland’s treasure trove – the process of finding, extracting, and transporting minerals and fossil fuels is a multilayered, multinational and multidecadal challenge.
On most maps, Greenland looks enormous, rivalling the size of Africa. Blame this exaggeration on the popular Mercator map projection, which stretches and enlarges countries near the poles, exaggerating their size. In reality, Greenland is around 2m sq km (770,000 square miles) – roughly the size of the Democratic Republic of Congo.
Everywhere on Earth, the scars and signatures of immense stretches of time are recorded in geology. Spewing volcanic eruptions and slow-cooling magmas, giant continental collisions and taffy-like rips that eventually open up new oceans – all these geologic performances are written in the rocks. And an old land mass like Greenland contains detailed documentation of the Earth’s history.
“The history of Greenland goes back as far as the history of pretty much anything in the world,” explains Kathryn Goodenough, principal geologist with the British Geological Survey. She explains that Greenland, once upon a time, was part of a larger continent that would have included some of northern Europe and some of North America today. Around 500 million years ago, Greenland was part of a supercontinent, wedged between Europe and North America.
But the Earth is always evolving. Around 60 to 65 million years ago, the supercontinent began to pull apart, creating a rift that eventually opened, creating the North Atlantic Ocean.
Greenland split from Europe, drifted westward, and even travelled over the Icelandic hotspot – a place where molten lava from deep beneath the Earth’s crust wells up, contributing to the volcanic activity which formed the island of Iceland. Today, Greenland hosts everything from Precambrian basement rocks to yesterday’s glacial sediments – all of which could hold an array of valuable resources. Beyond mineral resources, scientists estimate that Greenland has enormous reserves of oil and natural gas. Since the 1970s, oil and gas companies have tried to find ancient reservoirs off the coast of Greenland, but their attempts turned up empty. Still, Greenland’s continental shelf geology does show similarities to other fossil fuel sites in the Arctic. Greenland resembles a Cadbury Creme Egg, with an outer, hard margin enclosing an interior of white ooze. Most of the island is covered by the slow-flowing Greenland Ice Sheet that drains towards the coastline through a number of outlet glaciers. Only around 20% of the island is ice-free, consisting of craggy mountains, fjord-cut cliffs, and an occasional town with technicolour homes. (BBC)
