A protective not restrictive Act

Nagaland sits atop an estimated 600 million metric tons of crude oil, a reserve valued at over Rs. 25 lakh crore. This is not just a statistic-it is a reminder of the untapped potential that could transform the state’s economy for generations. Oil deposits are spread across Chümoukedima , Wokha, Mon, Mokokchung, Dimapur, and Peren districts, with Tzürangkong range in Tuli, Mokokchung alone holding between 60–70 million metric tons. Yet, despite this staggering wealth, Nagaland’s oil remains buried beneath layers of political double-mindedness , constitutional disputes, and lack of clear political will. The debate over oil exploration is not new. Since the early 1970s, when ONGC was permitted to conduct trial extractions, the issue has been clouded by mistrust and poor oversight. ONGC transported thousands of barrels to Assam, but Nagaland received only a paltry Rs. 33 crore in revenue-a figure many believe, understated the true scale of extraction. This episode left a legacy of suspicion, and oil exploration has remained stalled ever since. The legal battle over ownership and regulation of oil has further complicated matters. In 2012, the Nagaland government enacted the Nagaland Petroleum and Natural Gas Regulations, asserting its constitutional right under Article 371A, which grants Nagas ownership of their land and resources. However, the Union government countered that petroleum falls under Entry 53 of the Union List, making it Parliament’s domain. A petition was filed by the Lotha Hoho against the NPNG Rules but later sought to withdraw it. However, the Gauhati High Court converted it to suo motu, probing competence. This month, the High Court disposed of the PIL on this matter, noting that such disputes fall under Article 131, which gives the Supreme Court exclusive jurisdiction. In short, the question of who has the authority to regulate oil in Nagaland remains unresolved. This deadlock has cost Nagaland dearly. For over six decades, leaders have hesitated to act decisively, fearing accusations of “selling out” Naga rights. As a result, oil wealth valued at several lakh crore rupees lies untouched, while the state struggles with unemployment, poor infrastructure, and limited revenue. The irony is stark- a land rich in resources is poor economically and dependent on central funds. Globally, the urgency is clear. Petroleum reserves are projected to last only another 51 years, coal for 114 years, and natural gas for 53 years. Nagaland, with only 11% of its area explored, holds vast reserves that could secure its future. Yet, time is running out and it calls for urgent action. The longer the state delays, the more it risks losing both opportunity and bargaining power. Nagaland’s leaders must now confront reality. The choice is not between protecting rights and exploiting resources-it is about finding a framework that honors Article 371A while ensuring transparent, accountable extraction. The people of Nagaland deserve more than endless debates and constitutional double-mindedness and lack of political will. They deserve roads, schools, hospitals, and jobs funded by their own wealth. The oil beneath Nagaland is more than a resource-it is a test of political wisdom and will. If Naga leaders continue to hesitate for fear of being accused of “sell –out” , history will record this as a squandered opportunity. However, the if they act with courage, clarity, and accountability, Nagaland can finally turn its buried wealth into a foundation for prosperity.